In the wake of the tragic news of the murder of 8-year-old Sandra Cantu on Tuesday, we provide the following tips on how to keep your children safe:
5 Steps to Protecting our Children:
Preventing, Recognizing, and Reacting Responsibly to Child Sexual Abuse -- A Guide for Responsible Adults
What is child sexual abuse?
Any sexual act between an adult and a minor or between two minors when one exerts power over the other. Forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act. This, of course, includes sexual contact. It also includes non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. An agonizing and traumatic experience for its victims. A crime punishable by law.
Preventing, Recognizing, and Reacting Responsibly to Child Sexual Abuse -- A Guide for Responsible Adults
What is child sexual abuse?
Any sexual act between an adult and a minor or between two minors when one exerts power over the other. Forcing, coercing or persuading a child to engage in any type of sexual act. This, of course, includes sexual contact. It also includes non-contact acts such as exhibitionism, exposure to pornography, voyeurism and communicating in a sexual manner by phone or Internet. An agonizing and traumatic experience for its victims. A crime punishable by law.
Step 1: Learn the Facts
Learn the facts and understand the risks. Realities - not trust - should influence your decisions regarding children.
"We live in a beautiful, safe neighborhood. None of these children could be victims of sexual abuse, right?"
Learn the facts and understand the risks. Realities - not trust - should influence your decisions regarding children.
"We live in a beautiful, safe neighborhood. None of these children could be victims of sexual abuse, right?"
It is highly likely that you know a child who has been or is being abused. Experts estimate that 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 6 boys are sexually abused before their 18th birthdays. This means that in any classroom or neighborhood full of children, there are children who are silently bearing the burden of sexual abuse. 1 in 5 children are sexually solicited while on the Internet.
Nearly 70% of all reported sexual assaults (including assaults on adults) occur to children ages 17 and under. The median age for reported sexual abuse is 9 years old. Approximately 20% of the victims of sexual abuse are under age eight. 50% of all victims of forcible sodomy, sexual assault with an object, and forcible fondling are under age twelve. Most child victims never report the abuse. Sexually abused children who keep it a secret or who "tell" and are not believed are at greater risk than the general population for psychological, emotional, social, and physical problems, often lasting into adulthood. It is also likely that you know an abuser. The greatest risk to children doesn't come from strangers but from friends and family.
30-40% of children are abused by family members. As many as 60% are abused by people the family trusts- abusers frequently try to form a trusting relationship with parents. Nearly 40% are abused by older or larger children. People who abuse children look and act just like every one else. In fact, they often go out of their way to appear trustworthy to gain access to children. Those who sexually abuse children are drawn to settings where they can gain easy access to children, such as sports leagues, faith centers, clubs, and schools.
“It can't happen in my family. I could tell if someone I know is an abuser.”
Yet in more than 90% of sexual abuse cases the child and the child's family know and trust the abuser. Consequences to children and to our society begin immediately. Child sexual abuse is a direct source of a number of problems facing us. Consequences to children and to our society begin immediately. Child sexual abuse is a direct source of a number of problems facing us.
70-80% of sexual abuse survivors report excessive drug and alcohol use. One study showed that among male survivors, 50% have suicidal thoughts and more than 20% attempt suicide. Young girls who are sexually abused are more likely to develop eating disorders as adolescents. More than 60% of teen first pregnancies are preceded by experiences of molestation, rape or attempted rape. The average age of the offenders is 27 years old.
Approximately 40% of sex offenders report sexual abuse as children. Both males and females who have been sexually abused are more likely to engage in prostitution. Approximately 70% of sexual offenders of children have between 1 and 9 victims; 20-25% have 10 to 40 victims. Serial child molesters may have as many as 400 victims in their lifetimes.
Step 2: Minimize Opportunity
If you eliminate or reduce one-adult/one-child situations, you'll dramatically lower the risk of sexual abuse for children.
"An organization in my community has programs for children, but puts no limits on one-adult/one-child situations. Should I be concerned?"
More than 80% of sexual abuse cases occur in one-adult/one-child situations.Reduce the risk. Protect children. Understand that abusers often become friendly with potential victims and their families, enjoying family activities, earning trust, and gaining time alone with children. Think carefully about the safety of any one-adult/one-child situations. Choose group situations when possible. Think carefully about the safety of situations in which older youth have access to younger children. Make sure that multiple adults are present who can supervise. Set an example by personally avoiding one-adult/one-child situations with children other than your own.
Monitor children's Internet use. Offenders use the Internet to lure children into physical contact.
Reduce the risk. Insist on policy. Create and lobby for policies reducing or eliminating one-adult/one-child situations in all youth-serving organizations, such as faith groups, sports teams, and school clubs. These policies should ensure that all activities can be interrupted and observed.
Talk with program administrators about the supervision of older youth who have responsibility for the care of children. Insist on screenings that include criminal background checks, personal interviews, and professional recommendations for all adults who serve children. Avoid programs that do not use ALL of these methods. Insist that youth-serving organizations train their staff and volunteers to prevent, recognize, and react responsibly to child sexual abuse. Ensure that youth-serving organizations have policies for dealing with suspicious situations and reports of abuse.
Reduce the risk. Insist on policy. Create and lobby for policies reducing or eliminating one-adult/one-child situations in all youth-serving organizations, such as faith groups, sports teams, and school clubs. These policies should ensure that all activities can be interrupted and observed.
Talk with program administrators about the supervision of older youth who have responsibility for the care of children. Insist on screenings that include criminal background checks, personal interviews, and professional recommendations for all adults who serve children. Avoid programs that do not use ALL of these methods. Insist that youth-serving organizations train their staff and volunteers to prevent, recognize, and react responsibly to child sexual abuse. Ensure that youth-serving organizations have policies for dealing with suspicious situations and reports of abuse.
One-on-one time with a trusted adult is healthy and valuable for a child. It builds self-esteem and deepens relationships. There are things you can do to protect children when you want them to have time alone with another adult. Drop in unexpectedly when the child is alone with any adult, even trusted family members. Make sure outings are observable, if not by you, then by others. Ask the adult about the specifics of the planned activities before the child leaves your care. Notice the adult's ability to be specific.
Talk with the child when he or she returns. Notice the child's mood and whether the child can tell you with confidence how the time was spent. Find a way to tell the adults who care for children that you and the child are educated about child sexual abuse. Be that direct.
Step 3: Talk about it
Children often keep abuse a secret, but barriers can be broken down by talking openly about it.
“My daughter tells me everything. I know she would tell me if someone molested her.”
Children often keep abuse a secret, but barriers can be broken down by talking openly about it.
“My daughter tells me everything. I know she would tell me if someone molested her.”
Understand why children are afraid to "tell." The abuser shames the child, points out that the child let it happen, or tells the child that his or her parents will be angry. The abuser is often manipulative and may try to confuse the child about what is right and wrong. The abuser sometimes threatens the child or a family member.
Some children who do not initially disclose abuse are ashamed to tell when it happens again. Children are afraid of disappointing their parents and disrupting the family. Some children are too young to understand.
Many abusers tell children the abuse is "okay" or a "game."
Know how children communicate. Children who disclose sexual abuse often tell a trusted adult other than a parent. For this reason, training for people who work with children is especially important. Children may tell "parts" of what happened or pretend it happened to someone else to gauge adult reaction. Children will often "shut down" and refuse to tell more if you respond emotionally or negatively.
Talk openly with your child. Good communication may decrease a child's vulnerability to sexual abuse and increase the likelihood that the child will tell you if abuse has occurred. Teach your children about their bodies, about what abuse is, and, when age-appropriate, about sex. Teach them words that help them discuss sex comfortably with you. Model caring for your own body, and teach children how to care for theirs.
Teach children that it is "against the rules" for adults to act in a sexual way with them and use examples. Teach them what parts of their bodies others should not touch. Be sure to mention that the abuser might be an adult friend, family member, or older youth.
Teach children not to give out their email addresses, home addresses, or phone numbers while using the Internet. Start early and talk often. Use everyday opportunities to talk about sexual abuse. Be proactive. If a child seems uncomfortable, or resistant to being with a particular adult, ask why.
One survey showed that fewer than 30% of parents ever discussed sexual abuse with their children. And even then, most failed to mention that the abuser might be an adult friend or family member. Talk to other adults about child sexual abuse.
Support and mutual learning occur when you share with another adult. You raise the consciousness of your community and influence their choices about child safety. You may be offering support and information to an adult whose child is experiencing abuse, and may not know what to do. You put potential abusers on notice that you are paying attention.
Step 4: Stay Alert
Don't expect obvious signs when a child is being sexually abused. Signs are often there but you've got to spot them.
"Is my son's withdrawal due to preteen angst or is he being sexually abused?"
Don't expect obvious signs when a child is being sexually abused. Signs are often there but you've got to spot them.
"Is my son's withdrawal due to preteen angst or is he being sexually abused?"
Learn the signs. Physical signs of sexual abuse are not common, although redness, rashes or swelling in the genital area, urinary tract infections, or other such symptoms should be carefully investigated. Also, physical problems associated with anxiety, such as chronic stomach pain or headaches, may occur. Emotional or behavioral signals are more common. These can run from "too perfect" behavior, to withdrawal and depression, to unexplained anger and rebellion.
Sexual behavior and language that are not age-appropriate can be a red flag. Be aware that in some children there are no signs whatsoever. If you find physical signs that you suspect are sexual abuse, have the child physically examined immediately by a professional who specializes in child sexual abuse.
Step 5: Make a Plan
Learn where to go, whom to call, and how to react.
"My 11-year-old daughter said her step-father sneaks into her room at night. Then she said she made it up. Now she won't say anything. I don't know what to do."
Learn where to go, whom to call, and how to react.
"My 11-year-old daughter said her step-father sneaks into her room at night. Then she said she made it up. Now she won't say anything. I don't know what to do."
Don't overreact. If a child breaks an arm or runs a high fever, you know to stay calm and where to seek help because you've mentally prepared yourself. Reacting to child sexual abuse is the same. Your reactions have a powerful influence on vulnerable children. When you react to disclosure with anger or disbelief, the response is often:
-- The child shuts down.
-- The child changes his or her story in the face of your anger and disbelief, when, in fact, abuse is actually occurring.
-- The child changes the account around your questions so future tellings appear to be "coached." This can be very harmful if the case goes to court.
-- The child feels even guiltier.
-- The child feels even guiltier.
Very few reported incidents are false. Offer support. Think through your response before you suspect abuse. You'll be able to respond in a more supportive manner. Believe the child and make sure the child knows it. Thank the child for telling you and praise the child's courage.
Encourage the child to talk but don't ask leading questions about details. Asking about details can alter the child's memory of events. I f you must ask questions to keep the child talking, ask open-ended ones like "what happened next?"
Seek the help of a professional who is trained to interview the child about sexual abuse. Professional guidance could be critical to the child's healing and to any criminal prosecution. Assure the child that it's your responsibility to protect him or her and that you'll do all you can. Report or take action in all cases of suspected abuse, both inside and outside the immediate family.
Don't panic. Sexually abused children who receive support and psychological help can and do heal.
For more information, contact Irene T. Rose, Crime Prevention Officer, (209) 831-6581.